WHAT IS NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

The diseases that are not transmitted from one person to another through any media are called a non communicable diseases . The diseases like cancer ,diabetes,asthma,heart diseases,etc are the examples of non communicable diseases.It is believed that non communicable diseases are mostly the result of physiological disturbances, genetics, lifestyle ,negligence and nutritional disorders.The consequence of such diseases vary .In some of the diseases weakness and disabilities in organs are observed. Besides that some non communicable may develop due to nutritional disturbances called malnutrition (i.e.anaemia.goitre.marasmus,etc) diseases.However,everyone is susceptable to non communicable diseases.Thus, in absence of any type of vaccine or immunization it is more hazardous in comparison to communicable diseases.

CAUSES OR FACTORS OF NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
There are various causes or factors which may develop non communicable diseases. These recognized factors can be classified under two groups.They are:

A)Modifiable risk factors
The causes and conditions which are in control of individual and may help to prevent the onset of diseases are called modifiable risk factors.Modifiable risk factors can be controlled and changed .These factors are:
i.Inactive life:The individual who ignores regular physical activities and lives an inactive life is mostly found to be suffering from various non communicable diseases.Inactive life leads to obesity causes high blood pressure which may result in heart attack,diabetes, etc.The diseases like cancer,diabetes, etc are believed to be the result of inactive life. Therefore, the participation in regular physical exercises is necessary for individuals.Besides this, the other modifiable factors are
ii.intake of tobacco and tobacco products.
iii.use of alcohol
iv.lack of regular exercise
v.high blood pressure
vi.increase of glucose and cholesterol level in blood
vii.mental tension and anxiety
ix.fatigue and over work load
x.lack of proper rest and sleep
xi.lack of balance diet
xii.life style, etc

B) Non modify risk factors
These causes of diseases which are not in control of individual are called non modifiable risk factors.These factors are as follows:

EXCERTA AND URINE

If the sick people excrete in the open field, bacteria and eggs of worms spread all around the excerta and urine.They can get mixed with water and food through different routes and make other people sick.If the children play in the polluted areas, the germs and eggs of worms can get into their fingers and nails.If children eat food food without washing hands ,the germs and the eggs of worms will be swallowed along with the food.the germs grow and multiply inside the body and people sick.The germs can easily get into the food and water if the people don't have habit of exereting in a latrine and they excrete in the areas near the house or water sources . Housefly and some other insects can also carry the germs and eggs of worms from excreta and urine of sick people to the food and water of healthy people.Thus the healthy people also get sick.

The diseases such as diarrhoea,dysentery,cholera,typhoid,roundworm,thread worm,hookworm,tapeworm etc are transmitted to the people due to improper management of human wastes.

LATRINE

Latrine is the safe and proper place for defection and urination. Most of the communicable diseases Can be avoided if all people have the habit of excerting in the toilet. But there are no latrines in most of the villages of Nepal. The people of the villages and some people of even the town have a habit of excreting in the open field .This pollutes the environment badly and transmits different communicable diseases.

The latrine should be kept clean .It should be flushed with water after its every use.You should always wear slippers or shoes while going to latrine .

The addition of din in the environment is called noise pollution.The noise coming out from the crowd of people, running of vehicles, use of loudspeakers,factories,aeroplane etc causes the noise pollution.

The noisy environment is an unhealthy environment because it harms the healthy of people. The noise pollution can cause deafness in the people at the early age .It also affects our nervous system .It disturbs mental concentration rest and sleep.

Prevention of noise pollution

The noise pollution can be minimized in the following ways:

a.The dwelling house should be made away from from busy roads.

b.The old and noisy vehicles should be prohibited to run in the densely populated areas.

c.No horn zones should be set up near the hospitals,schools and other important offices.

d.People working in the noisy places should use earplug to avoid the damage of ear .

e.The use of loudspeakers should be prohibited near the dense settlement areas.

f.The radio, television, cassette players etc. should be played at low voice in the homes so that

these means do not disturb the other people .

g.Green belts should be established where there is high level of noise.

In addition to the above mentioned factors, there are several other factors which are responsible for the bad health of people .Hence,the knowledge of health and sanitation in the people is the must far the good health of people as wall as the environment.

WHAT IS SOLID WASTE AND HOW IT CAN BE MANAGED

The waste like waste food ,useless paper,polythene bags ,useless parts of vegetables and fruits ,bottles,broken utensils ,rubbish etc are called solid wastes. These wastes are produced in different places such as houses ,shops ,hospitals,hotels and schools.

The solid wastes are of two types decomposable wastes and non decomposable wastes. The waste produced from plan ts ,animals and foodstuffs get decomposed after sometime and turn into organic matter. These wastes are called decomposable or organic wastes,But the wastes like metal pieces,plastics,glass,rags and other fabrics do not get decomposed and exist for long time .Such wastes are called non decomposable.

If the solid wastes are not managed properly ,the affect us in the following ways:
a.The home area becomes dirty ,filthy and uncivilized
b.The wastes can pollute the water resources,which can transmit several water borne
diseases to the people
c.The of organic wastes produces bad intolerable smell which makes people sick
d.The unmanaged heaps of wastes attract rats,flies,mosquitoes,bacteria and other germs which can cause dangerous diseases.
e.The wind and rain carry back the thrown wastes to our home and make dirty .The wastes can
stick to the soles of our shoes and enter our home as well.

Different problems arise due to the unmanaged waste, which can seriously damage our health.So,the solid wastes should be managed properly.The solid wastes can be managed in the following way.

a.CREATING LESS WASTES
You can lesson the production of wastes in several ways.For example,don't use things that have short term use .Carry your own bag or put while going for shopping .Separate the reusable wastes from the other wastes and recycle them if possible.You can sell the reusable wastes to the kawadi for recycling.(A Kawadi is a person who buys the reusable materials from the people at low cost and sells them to the recycle industry at more price) The wastes like papers,plastics,metal pieces,broken metal utensils, glass bottles etc can be sold to the kawadi.This practice helps to lessen the amount of solid wasted significantly.

b.RECYCLE OF SOLID WASTES
You can recycle some of the wastes yourself at your home .For example , you can reuse polythene bags , if they are kept safe and clean.You can convert written paper and news papers into paper bags which can be used to carry articles from shops and groceries.The newspaper and written papers can also be converted into files and cartons.
Big bottles,tin cans and glasses can be used to keep oil,spices,pulses,pickles etc. Similarly, the rags can be used to make the pillow,dolls and mattresses.Hence,if we recycle the wastes,we can get maximum benefit from them and reduce the amount of wastes.

c.CONVERSION OF SOLID INTO MANURE
The decomposable wastes like peels of vegetables,skin of fruits,waste rice,curry and other food items leaves of plants can be converted into compost manure.The compost manure is produced in a compost pit made by digging the earth.The conversion of solid wastes into manure is beneficial to us in two ways firstly ,it gives out an excellent manure and secondly ,it reduces the amount of wastes produced in the home.

d.INCINERATION
The process of managing the solid wastes by burning them is called incineration. The dry and combustible wastes like paper,plastics,wrapper,rags,cartons ,plastic bottles etc are can be incinerated.Them germs present in the wastes are also killed by the method.This method is applicable to manage the wastes produced in houses as well as hospital.
The disadvantage of this method is that it produces lot of smoke.

WHAT IS THE STSTUS OF DRINKING WATER IN NEPAL

The amount of drinking water is decreasing day by day in Nepal due to high population growth .The over population has resulted in deforestation,urbanization , migration to the cities and industrialization. These process involve the over exploitation of natural resources and cause their scarcity.The limited amount of water is available in the sources near the city areas of Nepal is unable to fulfill the demand of the large number of people of the cities .The capital city of Nepal (Kathmandu is suffering from intense shortage of water)

If the drinking water is used for other purposes, the scarcity of drinking water increases.Therefore ,drinking water must be used for drinking purpose only. It should not be used unnecessarily for having bath,washing clothes,cleaning utensils , irrigating garden, construction works etc. Similarly, the drinking water should not be used for industrial purposes such as brick factories ,carpet washing etc. The scarcity of drinking water can be solved to some extent if all people become sensible about the proper use of drinking water

HOW TO MAKE WATER DRINKABLE

Water can be made free from germs and drinkable by several means . Some of them are described below:

1.BOILING

Boiling is the easiest,simplest and the best way to make water drinkable .Water should be boiled for about 10-15 minutes to kill all germs. But boiling does not mean to put fire immediately after it starts boiling .It should be boiled properly .Even bacteria water to lukewarm and drinking can be dangerous to health because some bacteria multiply and grow at faster rate at slightly higher temperature .
The boiled water should be cooled and kept in a clean pot.We should use clean glass or jar while drinking such water.

2.FILTERING
Water can be made drinkable by using water filter.The water filter can be of two types -commercial filter and sand filter.

a. COMMERCIAL FILTER
The commercial filter consists of two containers made of steel or copper .One or two filter candles are fixed to the upper container whereas a tap is connected to the lower container .When water is kept in the upper container , it gets filtered slowly through the filter candles and the filtered clean water is collected in the lower container. Tiny sand particles , mud and germs cannot pass through the candles and remain in the upper container . So , only the clean water drops down in the lower container .You can get clean and safe drinking water by opening the tap of filter.

b.SAND AND GRAVEL FILTER
This system consist of four container.An empty container with a tap fixed to it is place at the bottom.A second container with small holes at bottom is half filled with pebbles or gravel and is placed on the top of the first container. The third container half filled with sand is placed on the top of the second one .The third container also consists of holes on the bottom .The fourth container is placed on the top of third one . The water to be filtered is place in this container .When water flows down the holes of fourth container,it gets filtered by the layers of sand and gravel and is collected in the first container.
This type of filter system removes the suspended impurities like mud, sand particles , eggs of insects , dust particles etc. It cannot remove germs from the water .So, water filtered through this system should be boiled before drinking.

c.CHLORINATION

The process of making water drinkable by mixing small amount of chlorine solution with the drinking water is called chlorination. The chlorine solution can be purchased from the market which is available in different brand names. In this method fixed amount (drops or contain milliliter) of chlorine is mixed with certain litres for half an hour .The germs present in the water are killed by chlorine and then the water becomes fit for drinking.

water

water

Water is indispensable for the survival of all living beings . All living beings contain water as an important fragment of the total body weight .If the body of living beings does not get water , the cells start dying due to dehydration . This leads to the death of the organism.

we use water for various purposes such as cooking , drinking , washing , bathing ,cleaning irrigation , generating electricity etc. We need water to run industries and factories as well . Water is essential in most of our agricultural activities .Therefore , water is very useful to us .

The water from all the sources may not be safe for our household use .Even the natural sources of water may contain living and non living impurities . Bacteria , algae , round worm , water fleas , tiny insects , eggs of mosquito etc are the living impurities while dust , soil , dissolved salts ,metal ions etc are the non living impurities present in water . Water is mainly made impure by the human activities . Throwing human and animal excreta and other waste materials in the water sources pollution the water. The dirtiness of water due to addition of unwanted and harmful materials into it is known as water pollution.

CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

Water can be polluted in the following ways :

1.Mixing of sewage and garbage into the source of water

2.Decay of dead plant parts and dead animals in the source of water

3.Using pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the fields .These chemicals are washed away by moving water and are mixed with low lying water sources.

4.Washing clothes , cleaning utensils and having bath at the sources of water.

5.Letting domestic animals drink water and have bath at the sources of water.

6.Mixing of industrial effluents and other wastes with sources of water.

MODE OF TRASMISSION OF WATER BORNE DISEASES

The germs are released in water through excerta and urine of the sick people .Decay of dead bodies ,washing ,bathing etc can also introduce germs into the water.If such polluted water is drunk by the healthy people the germs reach their body and multiply in numbers .When a large number of germs attack the body of people ,they fall sick.

Generally , the water from river , lake , pond , well etc is not free from pollution. Even if it looks clean , it may contain some dissolved impurities and invisible bacteria , virus etc. If such water is drunk directly ,it makes people sick.

AIR

All plants, animals and human beings cannot survive without air.The air carries oxygen, which is very essential for our cells to produce energy.Oxygen of the air is taken in by our lungs which is then sent to the cells through blood.Only the clean and fresh air can supply us required amount of quality of oxygen.

The addition of smoke,dust,bad smell and poisonous gases in the air makes it dirty and unfit for breathing. The dirty air carries the agents of several diseases and its harmful to us.The decrease in the natural quality and amount of due to the addition of smoke,dust and poisonous gases in it is known as air pollution.

CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
The smoke and gases that come out from industries,factories,vehicles,trains etc. are the main causes of air pollution.The running of vehicles on the road blows up dust into the air and causes air pollution.The burning of firewood produces a lot of smoke,which is the main causes of air pollution in village areas. Similarly,the explosion of nuclear weapons,nuclear testing by developed countries and use of anticides in agriculture also pollute the air.

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
The air pollution causes the diseases of respiratory system, circulatory system and the eyes.In addition to this,the polluted air carries bacteria,virus and fungi, which cause several air borne diseases.The major air borne diseases are tuberculosis,polio,diphtheria,common cold, acute respiratory tract infection etc.

HOW ARE DISEASES TRANSMITTED POLLUTED AIR?
The germs of diseases are transmitted to the healthy people from the sick people through different means . Air is one of them when the sick people cough or sneeze,they release the germs of diseases along with tiny droplets of saliva .If the healthy people breathe in such air,the germs enter their body and make them sick.

The germs can also be released in the air by animals ,birds ,rodents , insects ,etc.

PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION
The pollution of air can be prevented in the following way:

1.The running of old vehicles should be strictly prohibited because the old vehicles produces a lot of harmful gases and smoke .
2.The smoke coming out of the the factories and industries should be turned into harmless from before they are released into the air.

3.People must defecate or urinate in the toilet only.Defective or urination at the open places releases germs into the atmosphere .

4.The use of improved oven the village areas is the best way to minimize smoke production .

5.The use of bio gas , solar energy and electricity as the source of energy instead of petroleum and coal is helpful to prevent air pollution.

6.The roads of the cities should be kept clean so that the running of vehicles on the road doe snot blow up dust.

HOW CAN YOU BECOME SAFE FROM AIR BORNE DISEASES ?

we can be safe from the air borne diseases in the following ways:

1.we should not live in the narrow and congested room which can harbour the germs of tuberculosis , measles , common cold , etc

2.we should live in wide open and well ventilated room

3.we should not stay near the smokers

4.we should not stay the sick people . we must use mask if we have to talk to them.

5.we should never use the articles used by sick people

6.we should use a good mask while walking or riding motorcycle on the road.